![]() This corresponds to a mean difference (MD) of −3.6 (95% CI −4.4 to −2.08) on the Zanarini Rating Scale for BPD (range 0 to 36), a clinically relevant reduction in BPD symptom severity (minimal clinical relevant difference (MIREDIF) on this scale is −3.0 points). Psychotherapy reduced BPD symptom severity, compared to TAU standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.70 to −0.33 22 trials, 1244 participants moderate‐quality evidence. Treatment duration ranged from one to 36 months. The comparator interventions included treatment‐as‐usual (TAU), waiting list, and other active treatments. More than 16 different kinds of psychotherapy were included, mostly dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and mentalisation‐based treatment (MBT). We included 75 randomised controlled trials (4507 participants), predominantly involving females with mean ages ranging from 14.8 to 45.7 years.
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